Basic fundamentals of a computer - Teckpas.com

🌎 BASIC FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTER.

What are computers?

Computers are machines that perform tasks or calculations according to a set of instructions or programs. The first fully electronic computers, introduced in the 1940s, were huge machines that required teams of people to operate. The word Computer comes from "Compute", which indicates that "mathematical Calculation + logical Calculation" of any problem.

Table of Contents

Types of Computer:-

1. Supercomputer: - A very large Computer with thousands of linked microprocessors that perform extremely complex calculations.

2. Mini Computer/Desktop Computer: - Mini Computers are designed for use at a desk or table. Mini Computers are also called a "Desktop computer". These types of Computers are typically larger and more powerful than other types of personal computers.

3. Micro Computer/Laptop Computer and Small Notebook PC: - Laptop Computers are lightweight mobile PCs with a screen, Laptops can operate on batteries, so you can take them anywhere, small note, PCs are small, affordable laptops that are designed to perform a limited number of tasks. They're usually less powerful than a Laptop, so they're used mainly to browse the web and check email.

4. Smartphone Computer: - Smartphones are Mobile Phones that have some of the same capabilities as a Computer. You can use a Smartphone to make telephone calls, access the Internet, organize contact information, send e-mail and text messages, play games, and take pictures. A smartphone usually has a keyboard and a large screen.

5. Handheld Computer: - Handheld Computers, also called personal digital

Assistants (PDAs) are battery-powered computers small enough to carry almost anywhere. Although not a powerful as a desktop or laptop, Handheld Computers are useful for scheduling appointments, storing addresses and phone numbers, and playing games. Some have more advanced capabilities, such as making telephone calls or accessing the Internet Instead of Keyboards, Handheld Computers have touch screens that you use with your finger or a stylus (a pen-shaped pointing tool).

Tablet Pc: -

➤ Tablet PCs are mobile PCs that combine features of Laptops and Like Laptops; they're powerful and have al built-in screen. Like Handheld Computers, they allow you to write notes or draw pictures on the screen, usually with a Tablet Pen instead of a stylus.

MAINFRAME COMPUTER.

➤ As per the Storage and Processing capacity Mainframe Computer gives us better service than the Mini and Micro computers. Actually, we use this type of computer in the financial sector.

Category-wise Computer Deviations.

1. Analog Computer

2. Digital Computer

3. Hybrid Computer.

What can you do with Computers?

In the Workplace, many people use Computers to keep records, analyze data, do research, and manage projects. At home, you can use Computers.

To find information, store pictures and music, track finances, play games, and communicate with others-and those are just a few of the possibilities.

What is Software?

➤ Software is a visible and non-touchable essential part of a Computer.

Types of Software:-

1) Operating system Software or System Software. Like Windows 7

2) Application software. Like MS Office 2007.

i) Word Processor Package Type application Software. Like MS Word

ii) Spreadsheet Package Type Application Software. Like MS Excel.

Presentation Package Type Application Software. Like MS PowerPoint.

iv) Entertainment Package Type Application Software. Like a Game

What is Hardware?

➤ Hardware is a visible and touchable essential part of a computer.

Types of Hardware:-

1) Input Device

2) Processing and Storage Device

3) Output Device

What is an Input Device?

➤ It is a type of Device by which the user inputs a group of data and instructions to the Computer. An example is a Keyboard & Mouse.

What is a Processing and Storage Device?

➤ It is a type of device by which a system computes and generates results for displaying information. An example is the CPU.

What is an Output Device?

➤ It is a type of device by which a computer displays results to the user. Example as Monitor.

What is RAM?

➤ The full name of this Computer memory is Random Access Memory. It stores information for a short time. So that another name for this memory is Volatile memory. RAM lost all information and went out. So we can call it a Power Dependable Memory.

What is ROM?

➤ The full name of this computer memory is Read-Only Memory. It stores information for a time. So the name of this memory is Non-Volatile memory. Rom does not lose any file of memory power goes out. So we can call it a Power Independent Memory.

Measurements of Computer Memory are five Types: -

1) BIT 2) BYTE 3) KILOBYTE (KB) 4) MEGABYTE (MB) & 5) GIGABYTE (GB)

8 BIT = 1 BYTE

1 BYTE = 1 Character OR 1 Instruction

1024 BYTE = 1 KB

1024 KB 1 MB

1024 MB = 1 GB

1. What is a Computer?

➤ A computer is an advanced electronic device. The computer gets data on the instruction process and this device gives us satisfactory results.

2. Who is the Father of the Computer?

➤ Charles Babbage (1791-1871).

GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

1. The First Generation (1946-1958).

i) ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator).

ii) EDVAC (Electrical Discrete Variable Automation Computer).

2. The Second Generation (1959-1964)

i) ICT (Model

A No.-ICL-1300)

ii) IBM (Model No.-1401)

3. The Third Generation (1965-1974)

i) IBM (Model No.- 3600)

ii) IBM (Model No.- 3600 series)

4. The Fourth Generation (1975-Present)

i) Micro Computer

ii) Mini Computer Mini

5. The Fifth Generation (The Near Future)

The fifth Generation Computers will be able to think and make decisions. It will be based on ultra-large-scale integration. This System will have tremendous processing power and speed.

🌏 ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER.

Computers have been invented to help people. It provides a lot of advantages over manual operations. Let us look at a few of them.

1. SPEED:-  A Computer is the very first device. It can perform in a few seconds the amount of work that a human being can do an entire year.

2. ACCURACY:-  The accuracy of a computer is consistently high and the degree of accuracy of a particular computer depends upon its design.

3. STORAGE CAPACITY:- Computer cans Store Large volumes of Data.

4. RELIABILITY:- Computers do not farmland and rarely need maintenance.

5. VERSATILITY:- Computers are capable of performing almost any task, provided that the task can be reduced to a series of logical steps.

6. PROCESSING CAPABILITY:- computer Processing is the fastest and most accurate way of performing data processing comprises capturing the data, manipulating it and managing the output. Manipulation of data may include classifying, counting, sorting or rummaging.

7. DILIGENCE:- computers do not get tired or boring. They perform their task very religiously.

8. AUTOMATION:- once a program is in the computer's memory the individual instructions are then transferred, one after another, to the control unit for execution, the CPU follows these instructions until it meets the last instruction to stop the program execution, hence leading to Automation.

🌏 How many types of Computers?

 💻 Computer is of three types.

1. Digital Computer.

2. Analog Computer.

3. Hybrid Computer.

🌏 How many types of Digital computers?

   💻  Digital Computers are four types of.

1. Micro Computer.

2. Mini Computer.

3. Main Frame Computer.

4. Super Computer.

🌏 How many types of Micro Computer? 

        Micro Computer is three types.

1. Desktop.

2. Laptop.

3. Palmtops.

🗺 What is Memory?

💻 Computer is its storeroom in which data and total information area are called Memory.

💻 How many types of memory?

1. Primary Memory.

2. Secondary Memory.

🌏 PRIMARY MEMORY.

1. RAM:   It is Primary Memory or volatile Memory. It is user available: in memory also. When the power goes out the memory is lost. Ram is also read and writes memory. We can input data through any input device and we can also see the information from any output device. We can call it RAM.

2.  ROM:   It is a primary memory or a non-volatile memory. When the power goes out he does not lose his memory. We can call it ROM. 

💻 Other Types of ROM Chips:- 

1. PROM:-  It can be programmed only once and it cannot be altered. 

2. EEPROM:-  It can be reprogrammed with electric pulses.

3. EPROM:-  It may be removed from the process for some time to ultra-violet rays and then contents. exposed accept new.

🌏 SECONDARY MEMORY.

1. HDD: -  It is a secondary memory, hard disk attached to which side of the microprocessor the capacity of the Hard Disk is 20 G.B-1024 G.B. Hard Disk Drive promote is the only drive (C, D, E).

 2. FD:-  It is a secondary me cy. It is store data electromagnetically. The Stare capacity is 1.44 MB-2MB. 

3. CD:-  IT is a second memory.CD run or starts activity help of laser ray or b Nie store capacity of CD is 700 MB-750 MB. 

🌏 Memory is Categorized as shown below:-

🌏 PARTS OF A PERSONAL COMPUTER.

A computer is an organized set of activities. A computer system consists of the following elements.

1. HARDWARE:-  It is the part of a computer system that can be seen. It consists of tangible objects like integrated circuits, printed circuit boards, display units, disk drives, keyboards etc.

2. SOFTWARE: -  It is a set of programs that direct the computer on what steps to take and data to work on.

🌏 SOFTWARE is three types.

1. Application Software:-  The software which is applied to fulfil a specific job is called Application Software.

EX:-

1 ) Word Processing ( MS WORD ).

2 )  Spreadsheets ( MS EXCEL ).

3 ) Database ( FOX- PRO ).

4 ) Presentation ( MS POWERPOINT ).

5 ) Browser ( MS INTERNET EXPLORER ).

6 ) Games.

2. System Software:-   System software is a set of one or more programs that are designed to control the operation of a computer system or software which operates the whole computer program is called system software.

EX:- 

i) Operating System ( MS-DOS, Windows 2000, Windows 2007, Linux. etc ).

3. Utility Software:-  The Software which is utilized as per our requirements.

EX:-  SQL, ORACLE .

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